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EPHE 245
​Course Material

Course Outline
​Final Exam Essay Rubric

Background Material

Day One: Performance versus Learning (September 10, 2020)
Bonus Quiz Questions and Videos

1. What is the difference between performance and learning?
​         Watch: Video

2. What is the difference between retention and transfer?
         Watch: Video

Extra Reading:
         Magill, Chapter 11
         Schmidt, Chapter 14
Day Two: The Power Law of Practice (September 14, 2020)
Bonus Quiz Questions and Videos

1. What is the power law of practice?
          Watch: Video
2. How do you know if learning has occurred?
          Watch: Video

Extra Reading:
          Magill, Chapter 11
          Magill, Chapter 12
Day Three: The Power Law of Practice (September 17, 2020)
Bonus Questions and Videos

1. What are the three stages of learning?
           Watch: Video
2. What changes occur with learning
           Watch: Video

Extra Reading:
​          Magill, Chapter 12
​
          Website: Queensland Brain Institute

Introductory Material (Exam Questions 1 to 6)

Day One: Repetition, Expertise, and Hebbian Learning (September 21, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. How does "10000 hours" relate to the acquisition of expertise?
            Watch: Video
2. What is deliberate practice and what is its role in attaining expertise?
            Watch: Video
3. What is the role of repetition in learning?
            Watch: Video
4. What is Hebbian Learning and why is it associated with repetition learning?
            Watch: Video

Exam Question 1
How does Ericsson's research on expertise speak to the role of Hebbian Learning and repetition in the learning process?

Question 1 Learning Outcomes
5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Explain the significance of 10000 hours and why this implies repetition is crucial for learning
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Discuss in depth the role of repetition in learning and why it is associated with expertise.
7: Explain the relationship between deliberate practice, "10000" hours, and repetition.
8: Relate the aforementioned information to and explain the concept of Hebbian Learning.
9: Incorporate original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Readings:
  Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Romer, 1993
​
  Magill, Chapter 12

Additional Material:
  Paper: Ericcson, Krampe, and Tesch-Roemer, 1993
  Paper: Deliberate Practice in Sport
  Opinion: The Problem with Repetition
  Video: Michael Jordan on Expertise
Day Two: Feedback (September 24, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. What is the difference between KR and KP?
            Watch: Video
2. What is the difference between inherent versus augmented feedback?
            Watch: Video
3. What is the impact of feedback frequency?
            Watch: Video
4. How does video feedback help improve performance?
            Watch: Video

Exam Question 2
How does feedback influence learning?

Question 2 Learning Outcomes
5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Provide a minimal description of the role of feedback in learning.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Additionally provides definitions of KR, KP, inherent and augmented feedback.
7: Explains how feedback frequency and video feedback impact learning.
8: Provides at least one other feedback factor that influences learning.
9: Incorporate original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Readings:
  Magill, Chapter 17
  Schmidt, Chapter 12 

Additional Materials:
​  Paper: 
The Benefits of a Reduced Feedback Schedule (Winstein & Schmidt 1990)
  Video: The Stages of Motor Learning
  Paper: Using Feedback to Enhance Learning
  Paper: Inside the Brain of an Elite Athlete
  TED Talk: The Importance of Feedback for Learning
Day Three: Procedural Memories and Motor Programs (Sep 28, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. Differentiate between declarative and procedural memories.
            Watch: Video
2. What is consolidation and how can we enhance it?
            Watch: Video
3. What is a generalized motor program?
            Watch: Video
4. What are invariant and variant motor program features?
            Watch: Video 1
            Watch: Video 2

Exam Question 3
How are our motor skills represented in memory? Discuss with regard to procedural memories and motor programs.

Question 3 Learning Outcomes
5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Explain what a procedural memory is.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Provides context for procedural memories within the scope of explicit and implicit memories.
7: Explains what a motor program is.
8: Explains what invariant and variant features into are.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Readings:
  Edwards Chapter 6
  Schmidt Generalized Motor Programs 

Additional Materials:
  Webpage: Explicit and Implicit Memories
  Webpage: Human Memory
  Research Paper: Procedural Memory Consolidation
  Research Paper: Sleep and Motor Memory
Day Four: Evidence for Motor Programs (Oct 1, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. What evidence is there that motor programs exist?
            Watch: Video
2. Is there evidence against the notion of motor programs?
            Watch: Video
3. What are the sources of motor program errors?
            Watch: Video
4. Why do we forget?
            Watch: Video

Exam Question 4
Discuss the evidence that exists for and against motor programs. How do motor program errors and the concept of forgetting factor in whether or not motor programs exist.

Question 4 Learning Outcomes
5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Discuss evidence that motor programs exist.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Describe issues with motor program theory.
7: Discuss the source of motor program errors.
8: Integrates the concepts of forgetting into the answer.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Readings:
  Schmidt Generalized Motor Programs
  ​Schmidt Problems with Motor Programs

Additional Materials:
​  Paper: Current Status of Motor Programs (Summers and Anson, 2009) 
  Website: The Schwartz Laboratory
  Book: Motor Program Theory
  Video: GMP Theory
  Research Article: Generalized Motor Programs
Day Five: Practice Distribution and Randomization (Oct 5, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. What are massed and distributed practice?
            Watch: Video
2. Why is distributed practice more effective than massed practice? 

            Watch: Video
3. What are blocked and random practice ?
            Watch: Video
4. What is contextual interference in relation to random practice?
            Watch: Video

Exam Question 5
Explain how distributed and  random practice enhance motor skill learning relative to their counterparts (massed and blocked constant practice).

Question 5 Learning Outcomes
5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Define massed, distributed, blocked, and random practice.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Explain what distributed and random practice are with skill drill examples.
7: Explain why distributed practice is better than massed practice.
8: Explain what contextual interference is and its link with random practice..
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Readings:
  ​
Schmidt Massed versus Distributed Practice
  Schmidt Blocked and Random Practice

Additional Material:
​  Paper: The Benefits of Distributed Practice (Baddeley and Longman, 1978)
  Paper: Review of Massed and Distributed Practice (Murray and Udermann, 2003)
  Sport Canada: Guide for the Use of Massed and Distributed Practice

  Video: Why Distributed Practice Works​
  Article: Practice Scheduling and Surgery
  Paper: The Use of Random Practice in Baseball (Hall et al., 1994)
​  Article: A Critique on RP and KR
Day Six: Practice Variability and Part/Whole Practice (Oct 8, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. What is variable practice?
            Watch Video
2. Why is variable practice more effective than constant practice?
            Watch Video
3. What is the difference between part and whole practice?
            Watch Video
4. When should you use part and whole practice?
            Watch: Video

Exam Question 6
Explain how variable practice and part/whole practice impact motor skill learning.

Question 6 Learning Outcomes
5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Define constant, variable, part and whole practice.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Explain constant and variable practice in detail with a skill drill example.
7: Explain why variable practice works.
8: Explain in depth when to use part versus whole practice.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Readings:
  
Schmidt Variability of Practice
  Schmidt Part - Whole Practice

Additional Material:
​  Volleyball Canada: Guide to Using Part versus Whole Practice
  Video: 
Variable Practice and Practice Specificity
  Research Article: Variable Practice and Tennis
  Research Article: Why Variable Practice Works
  Website: Schema Theory and Motor Programs
  Research Article: Hansen et al. 2005
  Book Chapter: Part versus Whole Practice
  Research Article: Park 2002
  Video: Types of Practice

Intermediate Material (Exam Questions 7 to 12)

Day Seven: Synaptic Plasticity (Oct 19, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. Summarize how a neuron fires.
            Watch Video
2. What long term changes occur at the synapse with "learning"?
            Watch Video
3. Explain how learning modifies the strength of synaptic connections.
            Watch Video
4. Explain how memory is stored as the strength of synaptic connections in a neural circuit.
            Watch: Video

Exam Question 7
What is meant by "synaptic plasticity"?

Question 7 Learning Outcomes
5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Explain the changes that define synaptic plasticity.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Relate the aforementioned changes to a change in synaptic strength.
7: Relate the aforementioned changes to the specifics of neuronal firing.
8: Explain how the strength of synaptic connections create memories.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Reading:
  Reading: Garland Chapter 10

​Additional Materials:
​  Video: Action Potentials
  Video: Synaptic Plasticity
  Reading: Nilsen
  Article: Hebbian Learning and Decision Making
  Article: Hebbian Learning and Development

  Website: Introduction to Hebb's Law
  The Man: Donald Hebb
  Article: Hebbian Learning
  Article: Lucas et al. 2015
  Video: Synaptic Plasticity
Day Eight: Prediction Errors (Oct 22, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos:

1. What is the difference between reinforcement and supervised learning?
     Watch
2. What does it mean when we say a choice has "value"?
     Watch
3. What is a prediction error?
     Watch
4. Relate prediction errors to providing feedback and learning.
     Watch

Exam Question 8

How do prediction errors shape learning?

Question 8 Learning Outcomes
5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Define prediction errors, reinforcement learning, and supervised learning.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Explain how value relates to synaptic strength and how prediction errors change value.
7: Clearly differentiate between reinforcement and supervised learning.
8: Explain learning rates and their role in learning.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Reading: 
Lohse et al.

Additional Materials:
  Supplementary Reading: Cockburn et al. 2017
  Reinforcement Learning Example: Robot Learns to Flip Pancakes
​  Learning Styles: Examples of Different Learning Styles

  Research Paper: Prediction Errors in the Human Brain Garrison et al. 2013
  Website: Observational Learning
  Video: Thorndike's Law of Effect
  Research Article: Prediction Errors
Day Nine: Motor Schemas (Oct 26, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. What is a motor schema?
  Watch

2. How are schemas used in skill production?
  Watch

3. How are schemas used in learning?
  Watch

4. Explain the relationship between variable practice and motor schemas.
​  Watch

Exam Question 9

What role do schemas play in motor skill production and learning?

Question 9 Learning Outcomes

5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Define a motor schema and its role in motor skill production.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Explain how variable practice enhances a motor schema.
7: Clearly differentiate between the two types of schemas.
8: Explain the proposed role of schemas in motor learning.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.
​
Reading: 
Schema Theory

Additional Material:
​  Website: Schema Theory
  Review Paper: Sherwood 2003
Day Ten: Motor Primitives (October 29, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. What is a motor primitive?
  Watch
2. What types of motor primitives exist?
  Watch
3. What is the advantage of having motor primitives?
  Watch
4. What is meant by the "syntax of action"?
  Read: Flash article 

Exam Question 10

Explain how motor primitives can be combined to create complex movements.

Question 10 Learning Outcomes

5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Define what a motor primitive is.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Explain how motor primitives can be combined into a motor skill.
7: Explain the three types of motor primitives and what they control.
8: Explain why motor primitives help reduce the motor program degrees of freedom problem.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Reading:

Review Article: Flash

Additional Material:
Review Article: Konczak
Website: Motor Primitives in Robotics
Research Paper: Motor Primitives
Day Eleven: Specificity of Practice and Mental Imagery (November 2, 2020)
Questions and Videos

1. What is the specificity of practice hypothesis?
  Watch
2. Provide an example of a learning situation that violates the specificity of practice hypothesis.
  Watch
3. What is mental imagery?
  Watch
4. Why does mental imagery work?
  Watch

Exam Question 11

Discuss how specificity of practice and mental imagery impact motor learning.

Question 11 Learning Outcomes

5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Define what specificity of practice is.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Define what mental imagery is.
7: Describe how specificity of practice impacts the design of learning environments.
8: Describe why mental imagery works.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Readings:

Schmidt Specificity of Practice
Schmidt Mental Practice

Additional Materials:
Paper: Specificity of Practice (Krigolson & Tremblay, 2009)
Research Article: Specificity of Practice
Research Article: Mental Imagery and Motor Learning
​
Research Article: Wei 2010
​
Article: The Power of Mental Imagery

Video: Mental Imagery
Reading: Mental Imagery of Gait
Day Twelve: Sleep (November 5, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. What happens to motor skill performance following sleep?
  Watch
​
​2. What stage of sleep is most important for sleep related learning benefits and why?
  Watch
​3. 
What brain regions are involved in sleep related skill learning?
  Watch
4. What are the implications of the Walker 2005 paper?
  Watch


Exam Question 12
Discuss how sleep impacts motor skill learning.

Question 12 Learning Outcomes

5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Review how sleep facilitates motor skill learning.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Review the Walker 2002 findings and how they demonstrate the role of sleep in learning.
7: Discuss the stages of sleep.
8: Identify the importance of NREM2 sleep in learning.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Readings: 
  
Walker 2002
  Walker 2005

Additional Materials:
​​Watch: Matt Walker on TED
Video: The Benefits of Sleep
Website: The Walker Sleep Laboratory
Paper: Walker et al. 2002, Sleep and Motor Skill Learning
Paper: Walker et al. 2003, Sleep and the Time Course of Motor Learning

Advanced Material (Exam Questions 13 to 18)

Day Thirteen: LTP and LTD (November 16, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. Understand how a neuron fires in terms of changes in resting membrane potentials.
  Watch
2. What is LTP?
  Watch
3. What is the impact of LTP on a synapse?
  Watch
4. What long term changes occur at the synapse with learning?
​  Watch

Exam Question 13
Discuss the role of LTP and LTD in learning.
​
​Learning Outcomes

5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Explain what LTP is in terms of changes in resting membrane potential.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Explain why LTP is a form of short term memory.
7: Explain the role of LTP and LTD with regard to long terms changes at the synapse.
8: Explain what STDP is and its role in learning.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Reading: 
​  
Garland Chapter 10

Addition Material:
​  Video: Action Potentials
  Video: Synaptic Plasticity
  Reading: Nilsen
  Reading: Citri et al. 2008
  Video: LTP
​
  Website: LTP
  Video: LTP
  Article: Hebbian Learning and Decision Making
  Article: Hebbian Learning and Development

  Website: Introduction to Hebb's Law
  The Man: Donald Hebb
  Article: Hebbian Learning
  Article: Lucas et al. 2015
  Video: Synaptic Plasticity
Day Fourteen: Dopamine and Mirror Neurons (November 19, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. How do reward prediction errors drive learning?
  Watch
2. How does dopamine encode a reward prediction error?
  Watch
3. Review the Schultz, Dayan, and Montague study (1997) - Figure 1 - and explain how it relates to reinforcement learning and prediction errors.
  Watch
4. What is the impact of dopamine on a synapse?
​  Watch

Exam Question 14
What is the role of dopamine in learning?
​
​Learning Outcomes

5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Relate phasic dopamine firing to prediction errors during learning.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Explain why the 1997 results (Q3) clearly demonstrate the relationship between phasic dopamine activity and prediction errors.
7: Relate dopamine activity and prediction errors to providing feedback and reinforcement learning.
8: Explain the impact of phasic dopamine at the synapse.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Reading:
  Schultz 2016
  Schultz et al. 1997

Addition Material:
  Article: 
Neural Coding of Prediction Errors
  Article: Dopamine and RL
​
  Video: Dopamine and Reward
​
  Article: Schultz, Dayan, and Montague 1997
  Article: Synaptic Degradation
  Article: Understanding Dopamine and Prediction Errors
  Article: Review of Prediction Error Findings
​
  Website: Mouse Party - How Drugs Mess With Your Reward System
  Article: Dopamine, Aging, and Prediction Errors
Day Fifteen: Neural Structures and Representations (November 23, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

Questions:
1. In terms of skill production, what do the primary motor cortex, SMA, and PMC do?
  Watch
  Watch
  Watch

2. What is the role of sensory feedback (primary sensory cortex, posterior parietal cortex) in skill production?
  Watch
  Watch

3. What role does the cerebellum play in movement production?
  Watch

4. What role does the basal ganglia play in movement production?
  Watch

Exam Question 15
Discuss the role of motor production, sensory, and other neural regions in the production of movement.

​Learning Outcomes

5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Review the role of primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, posterior parietal cortex, primary sensory cortex, cerebellum, and the basal ganglia in movement production.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Discuss which brain regions are a part of a "motor program" and why.
7: Discuss which brain regions are a part of "schemas" and why.
8: Explain where motor primitives are most likely represented (and why).
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Reading: 
  
McGill Website (Beg, Int, and Adv)

Additional Material:
  Video: The Basal Ganglia and Movement
  Review Paper: Willingham 1999
  Review Paper: Brown 2006
  Website: How Do You Move?
Day Sixteen: Internal Models (November 26, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. What is an inverse model?
  Watch
2. What is a forward model?
  Watch
​3. What evidence is there for forward models?
  Watch
​4. How are forward models similar to reinforcement learning prediction errors?
  Watch

Exam Question 16
Discuss the role of inverse and forward models in movement production.

Learning Outcomes

5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Explain what inverse and forward models are.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Explain how forward models "correct" errors in a motor command.
7: Discuss evidence that forward models exist.
8: Explain how the errors in forward models are similar to RL prediction errors.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Readings: 
  
Wolpert 2000
  Desmurget 2000

Additional Materials:
​  Research Paper: 
Forward and Inverse Models
  Research Article: Wolpert Internal Models
​
  Research Article: Desmurget 2000
  Research Article: Forward and Inverse Models
Day Seventeen: Aging and Nutrition (November 30, 2020)
Quiz Questions and Videos

1. What age related changes are seen in motor skill learning?
  Watch
2. What underlies age related changes in motor skill learning?
  Watch
3. What effect does a diet rich on anti-oxidants have on motor skill learning?
  Watch
4. What affect does alcohol hangover have on motor skill learning?
  Watch

Exam Question 17
  Discuss the impact of age, diet, and alcohol on motor skill learning.

Learning Outcomes

5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Explain the impact of age on motor learning.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Explain the impact of diet on motor learning.
7: Explain the impact of alcohol hangover on motor learning.
8: Explain the impact of one factor not covered in this course on motor learning.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Readings:

  Voelcker Rehage 2008
  Bickford 2000
​  Howse 2018

Additional Readings:
​  Research Article: Liu 2013
  Research Article: Caffeine
  Review Paper: Cramer 2015
Day Eighteen: Exercise (December 3, 2020)
​Quiz Questions and Videos

1. How does exercise improve learning and memory?
  Watch

2. What physiological changes to learning and memory systems are caused by exercise?
  Watch
3. What kind of exercise provides benefits for learning and memory?
  Watch
4. Explain the difference between short-term and long-term exercise benefits.
  Watch

Exam Question 18
 Discuss the impact of exercise on motor skill learning.

Learning Outcomes
5: At a minimum the answer MUST:
i. Explain the impact of exercise on motor learning.
Also, for 5 points the answer must be:
ii. Of sufficient length (0 = no, 1 = short, 2 = yes)
iii. Include examples and/or diagrams (0 = no, 1 = minimally, 2 = yes)
iv. Be understandable (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Scores of less 5 have lost points on i, ii, iii, and/or iv.
6: Explain the impact of exercise on motor learning and which type of exercise is best.
7: Explain the physiological changes to motor learning in the brain associated with exercise.
8: Explain the relationship between chronic effects of exercise and acute effects.
9: Incorporates original research into the answer.
10: An exceptional answer with new ideas, new information, and a perfect summary of all the content associated with this question.

Readings:
Cotman et al. 2007

​Mang et al. 2014
​Statton et al. 2015

Additional Readings:
Lin and Kuo, 2013-For more on Neurotransmitters
Berchtold et al. 2005- For more on the timeline of exercise benefits
Pesce et al. 2011- Even more on Short vs Long Term
Mang et al. 2016- Effects of exercise on M1 
​Video: Wendy Suzuki on all the brain-related benefits of exercise
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