KRIGOLSON TEACHING
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    • NEURO 500 >
      • Introduction
      • 1. Motor and Sensory Neurons
      • 2. Reflexes
      • 3. Postural Control
      • 4. Goal Directed Action
      • 5. Online Control
      • 6. Forward and Inverse Models
      • EXAM ONE
      • 7. PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX
      • 8. THE DORSAL VISUAL STREAM
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      • 10. SOMATOSENSATION
      • 11 ATTENTION
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      • THE NEW STATISTICS
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        • INTRODUCTION TO R
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        • Mean, Median, and Mode
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        • USING GGPLOT II
        • USING GGPLOT III
      • Correlation and Regression >
        • CORRELATION
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      • MULTIPLE REGRESSION >
        • MULTIPLE REGRESSION
      • Logic of NHST >
        • Sample Size and Variance
        • DISTRIBUTIONS
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      • T-Tests >
        • Single Sample TTests
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        • Independent Sample TTests
      • ANOVA >
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        • POSTHOC ANALYSIS
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        • WILCOXON SIGNED TEST
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      • REPEATED MEASURES ANOVA >
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      • THE NEW STATISTICS
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    • Advanced Topics in Motor Control A
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    • An Introduction to EEG
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Oberservational learning

The above video demonstrates the concept of Observational Learning through the Bobo-Doll Experiment performed by Albert Bandura
What is Observational Learning?

In simple terms, Observational Learning occurs when individuals learn to perform a certain task by watching (Observing) someone else (also known as modeling). While a similar system to reinforcement learning is being used along with prediction errors, work capacity is said to be reduced as a person's ability to learn is predicted to be less active in third person situations. Observational learning has been associated with decreased neural activity and effectiveness/efficiency in learning new motor skills when compared to active learners; however, learning still takes place. 

When is Observational Learning seen the most?

While observational learning is performed all throughout ones life, evidence has shown increased use during childhood, with some of the most effective role models being older siblings.  Because children have been seen to be increasingly reliant on Observational learning, many researchers have voiced concern surrounding violence seen on TV and poor parental influence, worried that a child will learn inappropriate behaviours through other's modeling. As discussed through the Bobo Doll experiment above, children not only replicated the aggressive behaviours performed by adults but took it further depending on the child's "inner imagination". 

While observational Learning can be seen to negatively influence children especially in relation to anger and aggression, it may also be used in positive settings to promote learning. For example, teachers who not only explain to children how to do a problem but show them may increase student learning rates. In terms of primary motor skills, observational learning is also key in young children learning how to perform certain tasks properly    
Picture
According to Bandura and his work on "the process of social learning and modeling", there are four conditions required for learning through observation:

1. "Attention to the Model"


2. "Retention of Details"


3. "Motor Reproduction"


4. "Motivation and Opportunity" 
    




Experiments in Observational Learning 

Example 1. Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment
While this example has already been mentioned, this study showed great correlation between childhood Observational Learning and aggressive behaviours, highlighting a more negative aspect to the increased reliance on Observational learning in earlier childhood
Picture
Example 2. Hummingbird experiment 


During this experiment, hummingbirds were observed for observational learning. Hummingbirds were essentially divided into two test groups; hummingbirds with experienced feeders, and hummingbirds without experienced feeders. Hummingbirds exposed to hummingbirds who had used the feeders before showed greater efficiency when feeding than the latter group. This study exemplified the existence of Observational Learning among non-human organisms. 
Picture
Example 3. Rhesus Monkey Experiment 


An experiment performed by Kinnaman (1902), studied observational learning in monkeys. In the experiment, monkeys who observed other rhesus monkey's pull a plug from a box and receive food also succeeded in performing the same task; thus proving that Observational learning also increasing performance of certain tasks in monkeys. 

Picture
  • NEUROSCIENCE
    • NEUROSCIENCE 100 >
      • NEURO 100 INTRODUCTION
      • NEURO 101 ADVANCED
      • NEURO 102 AGING
      • NEURO 103 MEMORY
      • NEURO 104 DECISION MAKING
      • NEURO 105 LEARNING
    • NEURO 500 >
      • Introduction
      • 1. Motor and Sensory Neurons
      • 2. Reflexes
      • 3. Postural Control
      • 4. Goal Directed Action
      • 5. Online Control
      • 6. Forward and Inverse Models
      • EXAM ONE
      • 7. PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX
      • 8. THE DORSAL VISUAL STREAM
      • 9. THE VENTRAL VISUAL STREAM
      • 10. SOMATOSENSATION
      • 11 ATTENTION
      • EXAM TWO
      • COGNITION
  • KINESIOLOGY
    • EPHE 245 >
      • COURSE READINGS
      • ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
      • LABORATORY
      • PRACTICUM
    • EPHE 380 >
      • COURSE INFORMATION
      • COURSE READINGS
      • In Class Labs
      • LAB >
        • LAB OVERVIEW
        • Lab Schedule
        • How To Write A Research Paper
        • RESEARCH PROJECT
        • POSTER PRESENTATION
    • EPHE 487 / 582
    • EPHE 573
    • EPHE 575
  • STATISTICS
    • LECTURE >
      • INTRODUCTION TO R
      • DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
      • VISUALIZING DATA
      • Correlation and Regression
      • MULTIPLE REGRESSION
      • LOGIC OF NHST
      • T TESTS
      • ANOVA
      • POST HOC ANALYSIS
      • NON PARAMETRIC STATISTICS
      • FACTORIAL ANOVA
      • Repeated Measures ANOVA
      • Mixed ANOVA
      • MULTIVARIATE ANOVA
      • THE NEW STATISTICS
      • Bayesian Methods
    • ASSIGNMENTS >
      • Introduction to R >
        • INTRODUCTION TO R
        • LOADING DATA
        • DATA TABLES
      • Descriptive Statistics >
        • Mean, Median, and Mode
        • VARIANCE
        • CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
        • SHORTCUTS
      • Visualizing Data >
        • PLOTTING BASICS
        • BAR GRAPHS
        • BOXPLOTS
        • HISTOGRAMS
        • USING GGPLOT I
        • USING GGPLOT II
        • USING GGPLOT III
      • Correlation and Regression >
        • CORRELATION
        • REGRESSION
      • MULTIPLE REGRESSION >
        • MULTIPLE REGRESSION
      • Logic of NHST >
        • Sample Size and Variance
        • DISTRIBUTIONS
        • TESTING DISTRIBUTIONS
      • T-Tests >
        • Single Sample TTests
        • Paired Sample TTests
        • Independent Sample TTests
      • ANOVA >
        • ANOVA ASSUMPTIONS
        • ANOVA
      • POST HOC ANALYSIS >
        • POSTHOC ANALYSIS
      • NON PARAMETRIC STATISTICS >
        • WILCOXON TEST
        • WILCOXON SIGNED TEST
        • MULTIPLE GROUPS
      • FACTORIAL ANOVA
      • REPEATED MEASURES ANOVA >
        • RM ANOVA
        • TREND ANALYSIS
      • MIXED ANOVA
      • MULTIVARIATE ANOVA
      • THE NEW STATISTICS
      • BAYESIAN TTESTS
    • RESOURCES
    • R TIPS
  • Directed Studies
    • Advanced Topics in Motor Control A
    • Advanced Topics in Motor Control B
    • An Introduction to EEG
    • Advanced EEG and ERP Methods
    • Neural Correlates of Human Reward Processing
    • Independent Research Project
  • MATLAB
    • THE BASICS >
      • Hello World
      • BASIC MATHEMATICS
      • VARIABLES
      • Matrices
      • Writing Scripts
      • PATHS AND DIRECTORIES
      • USER INPUT
      • FOR LOOPS
      • WHILE LOOPS
      • IF STATEMENTS
      • RANDOM NUMBERS
    • STATISTICS >
      • LOADING DATA
      • DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
      • MAKING FUNCTIONS
      • BAR GRAPHS
      • LINE GRAPHS
      • TTESTS
    • EXPERIMENTS: THE BASICS >
      • DRAWING A CIRCLE
      • DRAWING MULTIPLE OBJECTS
      • DRAWING TEXT
      • DRAWING AN IMAGE
      • PLAYING A TONE
      • KEYBOARD INPUT
      • BUILDING A TRIAL
      • BUILDING TRIALS
      • NESTED LOOPS
      • RIGHT OR WRONG
      • SAVING DATA
    • EXPERIMENTS: ADVANCED >
      • STROOP
      • N BACK
      • Oddball
      • Animation
      • VIDEO
    • EEG and ERP Analysis >
      • Filtering Data
      • Referencing Data
      • ERP Analysis
      • FFT Analysis
  • RESOURCES
    • EXCEL
    • HOW TO READ A RESEARCH PAPER
    • HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PAPER
  • LAB
  • Workshops
    • Iowa State EEG Workshop 2018